Advent of Europeans in India (History for SSC)

1.) Arrival of Portuguese in India:

It was the Colonial who first discovered an immediate sea route to India. Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama attained Calicut an important sea port upon the South-West India on May well 20, 1498 AD. Double Zamorin, the local rule received him and presented on him certain privileges. After staying in India for any period of three months Vasco da Gama returned having a rich cargo which he sold inside the European market at the exorbitant price- 60 times the money necessary for his voyage.

But soon Vasco da Gama delivered to India for your second time in 1501 AD. He set up some sort of trading factory at Cannanore. With establishment of trade backlinks, Calicut, Cannanore and Cochin emerged the significant Portuguese stores in India. Arab traders became jealous from the rise and success from the Portuguese and hence caused enmity bred between the Portuguese and the nearby king Zamorin. The hostilities grew and generated full- fledged military face- away from between them. King Zamorin was defeated from the Portuguese. With the success over Zamorin, the military superiority from the Portuguese was established.

 Rise of Portuguese power In India:

In 1505 AD, Francisco de Almeida was appointed as the first Portuguese governor throughout India. His policy being centric for you to controlling the Indian Ocean was generally known as the Blue Water Insurance policy. Alfonso de Albuquerque who replaced Almeida as the governor in 1509 AD, and captured Goa in the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510 AD is the real founder of the particular Portuguese power in India. Goa subsequently became the headquarters from the Portuguese settlements in India.

Portuguese hold over the particular coastal areas and fineness in naval power made it easier for them significantly. By the tip of the 16th centuries, the Portuguese captured not just Goa, Daman, Diu, and Salsette but also a vast stretches across the Indian coast.

Decline of Portuguese Power:

But the Portuguese go up in Indian had a shorter life as the completely new rival trading communities from Europe posed an enormous challenge to them. Struggle among various rival trading blocs ensued through which Portuguese had to give way to the more powerful and enterprising competitors progressively rendering them an atrophied thing.

Major Reasons of Diminish of Portuguese power:

Among the many reasons for the decrease of Portuguese power throughout India include Portugal currently being too small a country to maintain the huge burden of any trading colony located in the far off land, their image as infamous sea pirates created enmity inside the minds of the indigenous rulers and last but not the least Portuguese firm religious policy made them the unpopular among the Muslims together with Hindus of India. Besides the arrival of the Dutch and the British in India finally became nemesis from the Portuguese. Ironically, the Colonial, who first arrived India, were the last to withdraw from throughout 1961 AD when government entities of India recaptured Goa, Daman and Diu from them.

i. The Portuguese failed to evolve an efficient system of administration.
ii. Their religious intolerance provoked the hostility of the Indian rulers and the people.
iii. Their clandestine practises in trade went against them, one of which was the Cartaze system by which every Indian ship sailing to a destination not reserved by the Portuguese for their own trade had to buy passes from the Portuguese Viceroy to avoid seizures and confiscation of its merchandise as contraband.
iv. The discovery of Brazil drew the colonising activities of Portugal to the west.
v. The Portuguese failed to compete successfully with the other European companies.

2. ) Arrival of the Dutch:

The people regarding Holland (present Netherlands) tend to be called the Dutch. Alongside the Portuguese, the Dutch set their feet throughout India. Historically the Dutch are already experts in sea buy and sell. In 1602, the United East India Company from the Netherlands was formed and given permission from the Dutch government to trade inside the East Indies including India.

Rise of the Dutch:

In 1605, Admiral Van der Hagen established Dutch Factory at Masulipatam. Another factory was founded at Pettapoli (Nizamapatanam), Devanampatinam (Tegnapatam, called fort St. David later under the British). In 1610, upon negotiating with the King of Chandragiri, the Dutch were permitted to found another factory at Pulicat which was fortified and named as Fort Geldria. Other commodities exported by the Dutch were indigo, saltpetre and Bengal raw silk.

The credit for making Indian textiles the premier export from India goes to the Dutch. Textiles woven according to special patterns sent from Bantam and Batavia, constituted the chief export of the Coromandel ports. Indigo was exported from Masulipatam.

Apart from spice, the chief articles of import to the Coromandel were pepper and sandal­wood from the archipelago, textiles from China and copper from Japan. In 1617, the chief of Pulicat became the Governor and Pulicat was the headquarters of the Dutch in India below the Governor- General in Batavia. Negapatam on the Tanjore coast acquired from the Portuguese in 1659 super­seded Pulicat as the seat of Governor and as the strategic centre of the Coromandelin 1689.

In 1616 Pieter Van den Broecke got from the governor the permission to erect a factory at Surat. The director­ate of Surat proved to be one of the most profitable establishment of the Dutch Company.

Factories were organised at Broach, Bombay, Ahmedabad, Agra and Burhanpur. Bimlipatam (1641), Karikal (1645), Chinsura (1653) where the Dutch constructed Fort Gustavus, Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore (1658) and Cochin (1663) were other important Dutch factories in India By supplanting the Portuguese, the Dutch practically maintained a monopoly of the spice trade in the East throughout the 17th Century.

Dutch Coinage:

The Dutch, throughout their stay in India, tried their on the job the minting of coinages. While their trade flourished they will established mints at Cochin, Masulipattam, Nagapatam Pondicherry along with Pulicat. Even more, Gold pagoda having an image of Lord Venkateswara, (god Vishnu) was issued at Pulicat mint. The coins issued from the Dutch were all modelled around the local coinages.

Decline of Dutch Power:

Dutch presence around the Indian subcontinent lasted from 1605 AD to 1825 AD. The rise of the British power inside the Eastern trade posed serious challenge towards the commercial interest of the Dutch resulting in bloody warfare between them through which Britishers were the clear winners as a result of huge resources at the disposal. The brutal killing regarding some English traders from the Dutch in Amboyna throughout 1623 further aggravated your situation. The Britishers one after another captured Dutch strongholds.

Rout regarding Dutch power in Malabar area:

Amidst the saga regarding Dutch -Anglo -rivalry Travancore full Marthanda Varma gave a fatal blow towards the Dutch East India Company inside the battle of Colachel in 1741 AD resulting in complete rout of Dutch power in Malabar area.

Treaties and compromise using the British:

Although the Anglo-Dutch Treaty was signed in 1814 AD which facilitated restoration regarding Dutch Coromandel and Dutch Bengal to Dutch rule nonetheless they again were returned to British regime much like the clause and the provisions from the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 AD which caused it to be binding on the Dutch to be sure all transfers of house and establishments till/on Goal 1, 1825 AD. By the middle of 1825 AD, therefore, the particular Dutch had forfeited the all trading posts throughout India.

In the ensuing compromise the well known items happened. Both the parties reached a compromise in 1667 AD by which the Britishers, on the cornerstone of give and get formula, agreed to completely withdraw from Indonesia for the Dutch who, in returning, retired from India for you to trade in Indonesia.

3. ) Danish Colonial Possessions in India:

Danish refers to something from or linked to Denmark. Denmark held colonial items in India for 225 several years. The Danish colonies throughout India included the towns of Tranquebar(Tamil Nadu)Serampore (West Bengal) and the Nicobar Islands.

Establishment regarding Danish Trade Monopoly:

It was the Dutch adventurer Marcelis de Boshouwer which provided the impetus for Danish involvement inside the Indian sub-continent. He wanted military assistance up against the Portuguese with a promise of monopoly on all trades towards the assisting party. His charm convinced Christian IV, the particular King of Denmark-Norway which subsequently issued a charter in 1616 granting the particular Danish East India Business a monopoly on buy and sell between Denmark and Japan for twelve years.

Danish Chartered Organizations:

There were two Danish chartered companies. The first company -Danish Eastern side India Company -operated between 1616 AD and 1650 AD. Danish East India Company in conjunction with Swedish East India Business imported more tea as opposed to British East India Company and smuggled the vast majority of it into England, where it sold in a huge profit. The company was dissolved in 1650 AD. The second company persisted between 1670 AD along with 1729 AD, and in 1730 AD it was re-founded as the Asiatic Business. It was granted a 40-year monopoly by way of a royal license on all Danish trade east from the Cape of Good Expect in 1732 AD. Till 1750 AD, 27 cruises from India were routed, with 22 of them survived the journey for you to Copenhagen. But the company lost its monopoly throughout 1772 AD.

Serampore Mission Press:

It is worth -mentioning of which Serampore Mission Press – some sort of historical landmark-was established at Serampore from the Danish missionaries in 1799 AD. Between 1801 AD along with 1832 AD the Serampore Mission Press printed 212, 000 replicates of books in forty different languages.

End of Danish colonies in India:

During the Napoleonic Competitions (1803 AD–1815 AD) the particular British invaded Danish shipment, and devastated the Danish Eastern side India Company's India buy and sell and ultimately captured Danish colonies, making them component of British India. The previous Danish colonial post Serampore was ceded to Britain by simply Denmark in 1845 AD.